Sex Differences in Physiology - Edition 1 - Edited by Gretchen Neigh, Ph.D. and Megan Mitzelfelt, Ph.D. Elsevier Educate

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Sex Differences in Physiology,

Edition 1

Edited by Gretchen Neigh, Ph.D. and Megan Mitzelfelt, Ph.D.

Publication Date: 16 May 2016

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Sex Differences in Physiology is an all-encompassing reference that details basic science research into sex differences in all physiological fields. It includes scientific discoveries concerning sex differences in cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal physiology. In addition, coverage of the development, endocrinology, neurophysiology, immunity, and metabolism is included, making this important reference a resource that will meet the needs of investigators interested in incorporating sex differences into their research programs, while also providing clinicians with the basis for providing the best sex-based medical treatment options available.

Key Features

Provides a sweeping, organ-by-organ review of currently observed sex differences in animal models and human disease
Explains how sex differences influence physiology and disease
Provides the critical knowledge on sex differences for better understanding of prevention and treatment of diseases

About the author

Edited by Gretchen Neigh, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709 and Megan Mitzelfelt, Ph.D., Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

List of Contributors
Chapter 1. Introduction for Sex Differences in Physiology
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- References
Chapter 2. Chromosomal and Endocrinological Origins of Sex
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Chromosomal Sex
- Gonadal/Hormonal Sex
- Puberty
- Endocrine Functions Across Life Span: An Emphasis on Mammalian Menopause
- Influences on Sexual Differentiation and Development
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 3. Sex Differences in Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology: Implications for Brain Function, Behavior, and Neurological Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Steroid Hormones
- Sex and Neuronal Signaling
- Neurological Control of Body Functions
- Sex and Behavior
- Sex and Neurological Disease
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 4. Sex Hormone Receptor Expression in the Immune System
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Traditional Sex Hormone Receptors in the Immune System
- Vitamin D Receptor: A Sex Steroid Receptor
- Sex Differences in Innate Immunity
- Sex Differences in the Adaptive Immune System
- Effect of Vitamin D on the Innate and Adaptive Immune System
- Effect of Menopause on Inflammation
- Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- Funding
- References
Chapter 5. Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Coronary Heart Disease
- Heart Failure
- Hypertension
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Right Ventricular Dysfunction
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 6. Sex Differences in Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology: Implications for Health and Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sex Differences in the Pulmonary System
- Sex Steroid Signaling in the Lung
- Impact of Sex Steroids on Pulmonary Structure and Function
- Sex Differences in Diseases of the Lung
- Implications of Sex Differences in the Lung
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 7. Sex Differences in Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Abstract
- Kidney Anatomy, Development, and Overall Function
- Water Homeostasis and Aquaporins
- BP Control and Electrolyte Homeostasis
- Metabolic Influences on the Kidney
- Phosphorus, Calcium, Vitamin D, and Renal Stones
- Acid-Base Homeostasis and Renal Elimination of Toxins and Drugs
- Special Conditions and Renal Pathology
- Biological Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in the Kidney
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
Chapter 8. Sex Differences in Gastrointestinal Physiology and Diseases: From Endogenous Sex Hormones to Environmental Endocrine Disruptor Agents
- Abstract
- Estrogen, Androgen, and Progesterone Receptor Expression along the GI Tract
- Sex Hormone Modulation of Gastrointestinal Motility
- Epithelial Ion Transport and Gut Barrier Function
- Influence of Sex in Gastrointestinal Diseases and Pain Sensitivity
- Age, Gender, and Hormonal Status in Food Safety: Open Questions for Endocrine Disruptor Compounds
- Summary and Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
Chapter 9. Sex and Gender Differences in Body Composition, Lipid Metabolism, and Glucose Regulation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sex Differences in Body Fat Deposition
- Sex Differences in Lipid Metabolism
- Sex Differences in Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Action
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- References
Chapter 10. Sex Hormone Influenced Differences in Skeletal Muscle Responses to Aging and Exercise
- Abstract
- Introduction
- E2 Loss and Aging Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle Aging in Men
- Summary
- References
Chapter 11. Strategies and Approaches for Studying Sex Differences in Physiology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical Barriers to the Study of Both Sexes
- Why Study Sex Differences?
- Where Do Sex Differences Come From?
- What is the Nature of Sex Differences?
- Chapter 11.1. How to Study Sex Differences Caused by “Sex Chromosome Effects” on Tissues
  - The Four Core Genotypes Mouse Model
  - The XY* Model
  - Finding the Genes
  - The Future of Sex Chromosome Effects
  - References
- Chapter 11.2. Organizational Influences of the Gonadal Steroid Hormones: Lessons Learned Through the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
  - Introduction
  - Sex Differences in the HPA Axis
  - Organizational–Activational Effects on the HPA Axis
  - Mapping Gonadal Hormone Sensitive Circuits in the Brain
  - Strategies for Research on Gonadal Steroid Organizational Influences on the HPA Axis
  - Conclusions and Future Directions
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 11.3. Strategies and Approaches for the Study of Activational Influences of Gonadal Hormones on Sex Differences in Physiology and Behavior
  - The Gonadal Hormones
  - You Find a Sex Difference in a Trait—What Now?
  - Conclusions
  - References
- Chapter 11.4. Human Methodologies in the Study of Sex Differences
  - Introduction
  - Prenatal Hormone Exposure
  - Adult Hormone Exposure
  - Brain Imaging Methodologies
  - Psychosocial Methodologies
  - Conclusion
  - References
- References for Strategies and Approaches for Studying Sex Differences in Physiology
Index

ISBN: 9780128023884

Page Count: 236

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Researchers and Clinicians in most all physiological fields including but not limited to immunology, cardiology, nephrology, endocrinology, pulmonology, and neurology.

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