Part 1: Fundamentals of the Spine 
 
1. History of Spine Surgery 
 
2. History of Spine Biomechanics 
 
3. History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era 
 
4. Functional Anatomy of the Spine 
 
5. Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine 
 
6. The Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Aging 
 
7. Muscles and the Spine: Dynamic Stabilization 
 
8. Bone Physiology and Osteoporosis 
 
9. Applied Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Spine 
 
10. Fundamentals of Spinal Alignment and Balance 
 
11. Applied Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 
 
12. Molecular and Anatomic Mechanisms of Nerve Root, Spinal Nerve, and Peripheral Nerve Injury 
 
13. Spine Fusion: Biology and Biomechanics 
 
14. Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation 
 
15. Biomechanics and Implant Materials: The Anterior Column 
 
16. Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques 
 
17. Complications in Spine Surgery: Expected Rates and Classification
 
Part 2: Pathophysiology of Spinal Disorders
 
18. Spinal Cord Dysraphism and Myelodysplasia 
 
19. Congenital Spinal Deformity 
 
20. Early Onset Scoliosis 
 
21. Late-Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis 
 
22. Scheuermann Disease 
 
23. Developmental Spondylolisthesis 
 
24. Craniovertebral Junction Deformities 
 
25. Developmental Deformity in the Cervical Spine 
 
26. Tarlov Cysts 
 
27. Dural and Meningeal Pathologies 
 
28. Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia 
 
29. Pathophysiology of Cervical Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy 
 
30. Pathophysiology of Thoracic Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy 
 
31. Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Pain 
 
32. Deformity in the Cervical Spine 
 
33. Adult Degenerative Scoliosis 
 
34. Lumbar Spondylolisthesis 
 
35. Occipitocervical Injuries 
 
36. Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries 
 
37. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries 
 
38. Peripheral Nerve Injury 
 
39. Spinal Cord Injury 
 
40. Spinal Injuries in Sports 
 
41. Rheumatoid Arthritis 
 
42. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders 
 
43. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament 
 
44. Primary Infections of the Spine 
 
45. Secondary Infections of the Spine 
 
46. Primary Tumors of the Spine 
 
47. Metastatic Tumors of the Spine 
 
48. Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors 
 
49. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions 
 
50. Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending into the Cervicothoracic Spine 
 
51. Spinal Disorders Associated with Connective Tissue Disorders 
 
52. Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and Metabolic Bone Disease 
 
53. Vascular Malformations of the Spine 
 
54. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Pediatric Spine 
 
55. Neurodegenerative Disorders in the Adult Spine 
 
56. Postoperative Spinal Disorders - Cervical 
 
57. Postoperative Spinal Deformity 
 
58. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical Spine 
 
59. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Lumbar Spine 
 
60. Proximal and Distal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure 
 
Part 3: Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Disorders 
 
61. Physical and Neurologic Examination 
 
62. Sagittal Spinal Alignment: An Evolutionary Perspective 
 
63. Spinal Alignment: Significance and Preoperative Planning 
 
64. Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis 
 
65. Electrodiagnostic Studies 
 
66. Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine 
 
67. Patient Selection for Spine Surgery: Preoperative Optimization 
 
68. Evaluation of the Aging Patient 
 
69. Preoperative Evaluation of Psychosocial Aspects and Work-related Issues 
 
70. Preoperative Evaluation of Patients with Tumors Affecting the Spine 
 
71. Measuring Preoperative Health-Related Quality of Life: What Metrics Matter 
 
Part 4: Management of Spinal Disorders 
 
72. Rehabilitation, Interventions, and Medications in Management of Spinal Disorders
 
73. Spine Injections 
 
74. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Back Pain 
 
75. Regenerative Strategies and the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 
 
76. Neuromodulation and Rehabilitative Interventions for the Spine 
 
77. Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives 
 
78. Fundamentals of Spine Surgery 
 
79. Perioperative Management Protocols: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)
 
80. Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction 
 
81. Intraoperative Imaging Protocols 
 
82. Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications 
 
83. Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery 
 
84. Blood Management and Complex Spine Surgery 
 
85. Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad 
 
86. Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery 
 
87. Osteointegration: The Bone and Implant Interface 
 
88. Common Complications in Spine Surgery: Pseudarthrosis 
 
89. Postoperative Medical Complications 
 
90. Preventing Postoperative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach 
 
91. Neurologic Complications of Common Spine Operations 
 
92. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Repair and Outcomes 
 
93. Arachnoiditis 
 
94. Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia 
 
95. Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia 
 
96. Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications 
 
97. Postoperative Spinal Deformities 
 
98. Implant Wear, Degradation, and Breakage 
 
99. Spine Readmissions and Reoperations 
 
100. Cervical Spine Construct Design 
 
101. Occipitocervical Spine Approaches for Decompression 
 
102. Occipitocervical Spine Posterior Approaches for Fusion 
 
103. Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction 
 
104. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction - Posterior 
 
105. Posterior Cervical Decompressions: Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy 
 
106. Cervical Laminoplasty 
 
107. Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques 
 
108. Posterior Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine 
 
109. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction - Anterior Approach 
 
110. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy 
 
111. Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance 
 
112. Anterior Sub-Axial Cervical Fixation and Fusion Techniques 
 
113. Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty 
 
114. Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery  
 
115. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design 
 
116. Posterior Approaches to the Thoracic Spine 
 
117. Anterior Approaches and Lateral Approaches to the Thoracic Spine 
 
118. MIS Lateral Thoracic Decompression 
 
119. Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction 
 
120. Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion 
 
121. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spinal Instrumentation 
 
122. Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Cortical Bone Trajectory Pedicle Screw Placement 
 
123. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion 
 
124. Dorsal Semi-Rigid Stabilization 
 
125. Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty 
 
126. Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale 
 
127. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Decompression 
 
128. Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine 
 
129. Endoscopic Surgical Approaches to the Lumbar Spine 
 
130. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Fusion 
 
131. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion 
 
132. Anterior and Anterolateral Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion: MIS Approaches 
 
133. Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques 
 
134. Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures 
 
Part 5: Operative Management of Specific Disorders of the Spine 
 
135. Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain 
 
136. Cervical Disc Herniation 
 
137. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation 
 
138. Thoracic Discectomy 
 
139. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis 
 
140. Sacroiliac Joint Pain 
 
141. Surgical Principles for Spinal Deformity 
 
142. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity 
 
143. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Pediatric Spinal Deformity 
 
144. Cervicothoracic Deformity: The Role of Anterior Surgery 
 
145. Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction: Posterior-based Osteotomies 
 
146. The Role of Anterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Deformity 
 
147. Anterior Column Release in Deformity 
 
148. Posterior-based Management of Spinal Deformity 
 
149. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Spinal Deformity 
 
150. Surgical Management of High-Grade Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis 
 
151. Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis 
 
152. Failed Back Surgery Syndrome 
 
153. Oncologic Approaches, and Outcomes for Primary Spine Tumors 
 
154. Staging, Classification, and Oncologic Approaches for Metastatic Tumors Involving the Spine 
 
155. Tumors at the Foramen Magnum and Craniocervical Junction 
 
156. Cervicothoracic Junction Tumors 
 
157. Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors: Regional Challenges 
 
158. Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges 
 
159. Radiosurgery for Spinal Tumors 
 
160. The Acute Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Polytrauma 
 
161. Timing of Surgery Following Spinal Cord Injury 
 
162. Medical Management of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury 
 
163. Spinal Traction 
 
164. Medical Management of Fractures without Spinal Cord Injury 
 
165. Anterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma 
 
166. Posterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma 
 
167. Surgical Approaches to Thoracolumbar Trauma 
 
168. Surgical Approaches for Sacral Fractures and Sacropelvic Injuries 
 
169. Rehabilitation and Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury Section 5.5: General Surgical Technique 
 
170. Harvest of Autograft for Spinal Fusion 
 
171. Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery 
 
172. Spinal Wound Closure 
 
Part 6: Evidence Development and Guidance of Informed Choice for Optimal Outcomes 
 
173. Big Data in Health Care 
 
174. Spine Registries 
 
175. Conflicts of Interest in Spine Surgery 
 
176. Art of the Clinical Trial 
 
177. Meaningful Retrospective Analysis 
 
178. Art and Science of Guideline Formation 
 
179. Appropriate Use Criteria in Spine Surgery 
 
180. Precision Medicine: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Evaluation and Management of Spinal Disorders 
 
181. Healthcare Reform and Spine Surgery 
 
182. Development of New Technologies in Spine Surgery