Section 1 Methodological foundations of health research

1 Foundations of health research

2 Quantitative and qualitative methods

3 The research process

Section 2 Research planning

4 The formulation of research questions

5 Sampling methods and external validity

6 Ethics

Section 3 Research designs

7 Experimental designs and randomized controlled trials

8 Surveys and quasi-experimental designs

9 Qualitative research

Section 4 Data collection

10 Questionnaires and survey design

11 Mixed methods

12 Interviewing techniques

13 Measurement and observation

Section 5 Descriptive statistics

14 Organization and presentation of data

15 Measures of central tendency and variability

16 Standard scores and normal distributions

17 Correlation

Section 6 Data analysis and inference

18 Probability and confidence intervals

19 Hypothesis testing: selection and use of statistical tests

20 Effect size and the interpretation of evidence

21 Qualitative data analysis

22 Critical evaluation of published research

Section 7 Evaluation and dissemination of research results

23 Synthesis of research evidence: systematic reviews and meta-analyses

24 Translational research