PART I General Physiology

SECTION 1 General Physiology

1.1 Functional Organization, Composition and Internal

Environment of Human Body

Functional Organization of the Human Body

Body Composition

Internal Environment and Homeostasis

1.2 The Cell Physiology

Cell Structure

The Cell Membrane

intercellular Junctions

1.3 Transport through Cell Membrane

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Vesicular Transport

Other Transport Processes

1.4 Membrane Potential

Introduction

Genesis of Membrane Potential

Recording of Membrane Potential

1.5 Genetics: An Overview

Structural and Functional Characteristics

of Substrate for Genetics

Applied Genetics

PART II Systemic Physiology

SECTION 2 Nerve Muscle Physiology

2.1 The Nerve

Functional Anatomy

Biological Activities

Electrical Properties of Nerve Fibre

Physiological Properties of Nerve Fibres

Nerve Fibre Types

Degeneration and Regeneration of Neurons

Factors Promoting Neuronal Growth

2.2 Neuromuscular Junction

Structure of Neuromuscular Junction

Neuromuscular Transmission

Drugs Affecting and Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction

Applied Aspects

2.3 Skeletal Muscle

Introduction

Functional Anatomy and Organization

Process of Muscle Excitability and Contractility

Characteristics of Muscle Excitability and Contractility

Some Characteristics of the Skeletal Muscles in the Intact Body

Electromyography and Common Disorders of Muscles

Applied Aspects

Source of Energy and Metabolic Phenomenon During Muscle Contraction

2.4 Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Comparison of Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

SECTION 3 Blood and Immune System

3.1 Plasma and Plasma Proteins

Plasma

Plasma Proteins

3.2 Red Blood Cells and Anaemias

Characteristic Features of Red Blood Cells

Formation of Red Blood Cells

Haemoglobin

Red Cell Fragility

Lifespan and Fate of Red Blood Cells

Bilirubin and Jaundice

Anaemias

3.3 White Blood Cells

White Blood Cell Types and their Counts

Formation of White Blood Cells

Morphology, Functions, Lifespan and Variations in Counts of Wbcs

Applied Aspects

Applied Aspects

3.4 Immune Mechanisms

Introduction

Architecture (Components) of Immune System

Immunity

Antigens

Antibodies

Development of Immune Response

Other Immune Mechanism-Related Aspects

3.5 Platelets, Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Platelets

Haemostasis

Blood Coagulation

Clotting Factors

Mechanism of Coagulation

Antihaemostatic Mechanisms

Bleeding Disorders

3.6 Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion

Blood Groups

Blood Transfusion

SECTION 4 Cardiovascular System

4.1 Functional Anatomy of Heart and Physiology of Cardiac Muscle

Functional Anatomy of Heart

Physiology of Cardiac Muscle

4.2 Origin and Spread of Cardiac Impulse and Electrocardiography

Origin and Spread of Cardiac Impulse

Electrocardiography

Applied Aspects

4.3 Heart as a Pump: Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Output and Venous Return

Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac Output and Venous Return

4.4 Dynamics of Circulation: Pressure and Flow of Blood and Lymph

Introduction

Functional Organization and Structure of Vascular System

Haemodynamics

Pressure and Flow in Various Functional Segments of Systemic Vascular Tree

Blood Pressure

4.5 Cardiovascular Regulation

Introduction

Neural Control Mechanism

Humoral Control Mechanisms

Local Control Mechanisms

4.6 Regional Circulation

Introduction

Coronary Circulation

Applied Aspects

Cerebral Circulation

Cutaneous Circulation

Skeletal Muscle Circulation

Splanchnic Circulation

4.7 Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Health and Disease

Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Health

Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Diseases

SECTION 5 Respiratory System

5.1 Respiratory Tract: Structure and Functions

Functional Anatomy

Functions of the Respiratory System

5.2 Pulmonary Ventilation

Introduction

Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Pulmonary Elastance and Compliance

Work of Breathing

5.3 Pulmonary Circulation

Functional Anatomy

Characteristic Features of Pulmonary Circulation

Functions of Pulmonary Circulation

Regulation of Pulmonary Blood Flow

5.4 Pulmonary Diffusion

Introduction

Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures

Alveolar Ventilation

Alveolar Ventilation–Perfusion Ratio

Alveolar Air

Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane

5.5 Transport of Gases

Introduction

Transport of Oxygen

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

5.6 Regulation of Respiration

Introduction

Neural Regulation of Respiration

Afferent Impulses to Respiratory Centres

Chemical Regulation of Respiration

5.7 Respiration: Applied Aspects

Introduction

Respiratory Adjustments to Stresses in Health

Disturbances of Respiration

Artificial Respiration and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Pulmonary Function Tests

SECTION 6 Excretory System

6.1 Kidneys: Functional Anatomy and Blood Flow

Functional Anatomy of Kidneys

Renal Blood Flow

6.2 Mechanism of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration and Tubular Transport

Introduction

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

6.3 Concentration, Dilution and Acidification of Urine

Concentration and Dilution of Urine: A Mechanism to Regulate Urine Volume and Osmolality

Acidification of Urine

6.4 Regulation of Body Fluid Osmolality, Composition and Volume

Introduction

Body Fluid Compartments

Control of Body Fluid Osmolality

Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Volume and Composition

Defence of Specific Ion Composition

Disturbances of Volume and Concentration of Body Fluid

6.5 Applied Renal Physiology Including Renal Function Tests

Pathophysiology of Common Renal Disorders

Diuretics

Renal Function Tests

Dialysis and Renal Transplantation

6.6 Physiology of Micturition

Urinary Bladder and Urethra

Physiology of Micturition

Abnormalities of Micturition

SECTION 7 Gastrointestinal System

7.1 Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Functions of Gastrointestinal System

Functional Anatomy

General Principles of Gastrointestinal Functions

7.2 Physiological Activities in Mouth, Pharynx and Oesophagus

Introduction

Mastication

Lubrication of Food by Saliva

Deglutition (Swallowing)

Applied Aspects

7.3 Physiological Activities in Stomach

Functional Anatomy

Physiology of Gastric Secretion

Physiology of Gastric Motility

Functions of Stomach

Applied Aspects

7.4 Pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder

Pancreas

Liver and Gall Bladder

7.5 Physiological Activities in Small Intestine

Functional Anatomy

Small Intestinal Secretions

Motility of Small Intestine

Functions of Small Intestine

Applied Aspects

7.6 Physiological Activities in Large Intestine

Functional Anatomy

Large Intestinal Secretions and Bacterial Activity

Motility of Large Intestine

Defaecation

Functions of Large Intestine

Applied Aspects

7.7 Digestion and Absorption

Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates

Applied Aspects

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins

Applied Aspects

Digestion and Absorption of Fats

Absorption of Water, Electrolytes, Minerals and Vitamins

Applied Aspects

SECTION 8 Endocrinal System

8.1 General Principles of Endocrinal System

Hormones: Definition and Classification

Hormones: General Considerations

Hormone: Receptors and Mechanism of Action

Measurement of Hormones

8.2 Endocrinal Functions of Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Introduction and Functional Anatomy

Endocrinal Aspects of Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Applied Aspects

8.3 Thyroid Gland

Functional Anatomy

Thyroid Hormones

Applied Aspects of Thyroid Hormones

8.4 Endocrinal Control of Calcium Metabolism and Bone Physiology

Introduction

Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Metabolism

Bone Physiology

Calcitropic Hormones

Applied Aspects

8.5 Adrenal Glands

Functional Anatomy

Hormones of Adrenal Cortex

Mineralocorticoids

Applied Aspects

Hormones of Adrenal Medulla

8.6 Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Hormones

Endocrine Pancreas

Applied Aspects

Gastrointestinal Hormones

8.7 Endocrinal Functions of Other Organs and Local Hormones

Hormones of the Heart

Hormones of the Kidney

Pineal Gland

Thymus

Local Hormones

SECTION 9 Reproductive System

9.1 Sexual Growth and Development

Prepubertal Sexual Growth and Development

Applied Aspects

Puberty and Adolescence

Applied Aspects

9.2 Male Reproductive Physiology

An Overview of Male Reproductive System

Functional Anatomy of Testes

Functions of Testes

Control of Androgen Secretion

Applied Aspects

9.3 Female Reproductive Physiology

An Overview of Female Reproductive System

Ovaries

Female Sexual Cycle

Applied Aspects

9.4 Physiology of Coitus, Pregnancy and Parturition

Physiology of Coitus

Physiology of Pregnancy

Physiology of Parturition

Applied Aspects

9.5 Physiology of Lactation

Development and Functional Anatomy of Breast

Physiology of Lactation

9.6 Physiology of Contraception

Introduction

Contraceptive Methods in Females

Contraceptive Methods in Males

SECTION 10 Nervous System

10.1 Physiological Anatomy, Functions and Lesions of Spinal Cord and Brainstem

Physiological Anatomy and Functions of Spinal Cord

Physiological Anatomy and Functions of Brainstem

Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem

Applied Aspects

Lesions of Spinal Cord and Brainstem

10.2 Physiological Anatomy, Functions and Lesions of Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

Applied Aspects

Basal Ganglia

10.3 Physiological Anatomy, Functions and Lesions of Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

10.4 Physiological Anatomy and Functions of Cerebral Cortex and White Matter of Cerebrum

Cerebral Cortex

White Matter of Cerebrum

10.5 Autonomic Nervous System

Anatomical Considerations

Physiological Considerations

Applied Aspects

10.6 Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood–Brain Barrier and Cerebral Blood Flow

Meninges of the Brain

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Blood–Brain Barrier and Blood–CSF Barrier

Cerebral Blood Flow

10.7 Synaptic Transmission

Synapse: Definition and Types

Chemical Synapse

Neurotransmitters

10.8 Somatosensory System

General Sensory Mechanism

Somatosensory System

10.9 Somatic Motor System

Introduction

Components of Somatic Motor Control System

Skeletal Muscles: the Effector Organ of Somatic

Motor System

Applied Aspects

Refl ex Activity

Regulation of Posture

Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium

10.10 Limbic System and Physiology of Emotional, Behavioural and Motivational Mechanisms

Limbic System

Physiology of Emotions

Physiology of Motivation

Monoaminergic Neuronal Tracts and Physiological Basis of Psychotic Disorders

Applied Aspects

10.11 Reticular Formation, Electrical Activity of the Brain, and Alert Behaviour and Sleep

Reticular Formation and Reticular-Activating System

Electrical Activity of the Brain

Wakefulness and Sleep

Applied Aspects

10.12 Some Higher Functions of Nervous System

Language and Speech

Applied Aspects

Learning and Memory

Higher Intellectual Functions of the Prefrontal Association Cortex

SECTION 11 Special Senses

11.1 Sense of Vision

Introduction and Functional Anatomy

Maintenance of Clear Refractive Media of the Eye

The Image Forming Mechanism

Applied Aspects

Physiology of Vision

Applied Aspects

Field of Vision and Binocular Vision

Applied Aspects

Applied Aspects

Physiology of Ocular Motility

Aqueous Humour and Intraocular Pressure

Physiology of Pupil

Applied Aspects

11.2 Sense of Hearing

Functional Anatomy

Auditory Pathways

Physiology of Hearing

Conduction of Sound Waves

Transduction of Sound Waves

Neural Transmission of Signals

Neural Processing of Auditory Information

Applied Aspects

11.3 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

The Sense of Smell

Applied Aspects

Applied Aspects

PART III Specialized Integrative Physiology

SECTION 12 Specialized Integrative Physiology

12.1 Physiology of Exercise and Sports

Introduction

Responses To Exercise

Effects of Training

12.2 Environmental Physiology

High-Altitude Physiology

Physiology of High Atmospheric Pressure

12.3 Physiology of Acid–Base Balance

General Considerations

Maintenance of Blood pH

Acid–Base Disorders

Analysis and Clinical Evaluation of Acid–Base Disorders

12.4 Physiology of Body Temperature Regulation

Body Temperature

Heat Balance

Regulation of Body Temperature

Applied Aspects

12.5 Physiology of Growth and Behavioural Development

Growth and Development

Behavioural Development

12.6 Physiology of Fetus, Neonate and Childhood

Introduction

Role of Placenta in Fetal Physiology

Systemic Physiology of Fetus, Newborn and Childhood

Applied Aspect

Applied Aspects

12.7 Geriatric Physiology

Introduction

Age-Related Changes In Different Organ Systems

Theories of Ageing

Modulating the Process of Ageing

Index